考虑土壤水平衡的灌区水资源优化配置研究

针对内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域地下水埋深较浅且矿化度高及黄河水量逐年减少等因素导致的农业用水严重短缺问题,本研究以解放闸灌域玉米为研究对象,耦合Jensen模型与土壤水平衡模型构建灌区尺度灌溉水资源优化配置模型,对不同的地下水埋深及土壤含水量情景下水资源优化配置方案进行研究,并利用Lingo软件编程求解模型。结果表明:当地下水埋深为2.5m时,引黄水量为3.85×10~8 m~3,可以达到5.55×10~8元的净经济效益;而土壤水含量为0.12～0.16时,净经济效益为[5.41,5.67]×108元。优化结果验证了模型在当地可行,并针对河套灌区解放闸灌域的不同土壤含水量与地下水埋深情景分别提供14种配水方案。     

基于MODIS数据的河套灌区遥感干旱监测

基于MODIS数据,以河套灌区为研究对象,计算灌区2000—2018年作物主要生育期内(5—8月)4种遥感干旱指数、温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)、植被供水指数(VSWI)、植被状态指数(VCI)、温度状态指数(TCI),并分析了4种干旱指数与0～20cm土壤相对含水量、降水量、灌区引水量相关性以及4种干旱指数之间的相互关系。结果表明:经过相关分析,TVDI与土壤相对含水量的相关性优于其他3种遥感干旱指数;在灌溉水量较多的灌区,遥感干旱指数与降雨量相关性较小而与灌区引水量呈现一定的相关关系。本研究发现TVDI在河套灌区有着良好的适用性。此外,在干旱监测中综合利用多种干旱指数进行分析对提高监测精度,科学合理地预报旱情具有重要意义。     

发光细菌及其在农业水质监测中的应用研究综述

因为具有高效、便捷、灵敏和低廉的特点,发光细菌己成为水质急性毒性快速检测的不二之选,在国内外被广泛应用于环境监测中。本文针对发光细菌的特性、种类、发光机理及其在农业水质检测方面的应用进行了综述,对发光细菌于农业水源污染检测中的前景作了展望。     

氮肥减量后移对喷灌玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

【目的】优化井灌区田间水肥管理。【方法】试验于2018年6—9月在河南省许昌灌溉试验站进行,以当地主栽玉米品种登海3737(P1)和豫单9953(P2)为试验材料,设置3种施肥调控方式,分别为当地传统施肥模式CK(N、P2O5、K2O施量分别为315、75、75 kg/hm^2,全部基施),优化模式F1(N、P2O5、K2O施量分别为225、75、75kg/hm^2,40%三叶期和60%拔节期追肥),优化模式F2(N、P2O5、K2O施量分别为225、75、75kg/hm^2,30%三叶期、30%拔节期和40%大喇叭口期追肥),研究了喷灌水肥一体化下氮肥减量后移对不同品种夏玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】增加施肥频次和施肥时间后移可提高玉米叶面积系数(LAI)和延缓叶片衰老,增加玉米干物质累积量以及最大生长速率。喷灌水肥一体化(F1、F2处理均值)较传统施肥籽粒产量提高7.8%,耗水量降低11.9%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高22.2%,籽粒氮肥偏生产力(PFPY)提高51.1%,生物量氮肥偏生产力提高49.2%。登海3737干物质累积、最大生长速率、WUE和PFPY的均值较豫单9953分别增加2.8%、7.7%、8.5%和8.6%,最大生长速率出现的时间没有差异。豫单9953干物质积累快增期持续时间比登海3737增加5.3 d。不同品种之间产量和构成要素差异极显著。登海3737平均产量为11 319 kg/hm^2,较豫单9953增产8.4%,其中穗长、百粒质量对产量贡献较大,分别提高22.5%和18.2%。【结论】本研究中,F2处理为最佳施肥模式,即N、P2O5、K2O施量分别为225、75、75 kg/hm^2,施肥配比为30%三叶期、30%拔节期、40%大喇叭口期。     

不同水分条件下不同抗旱性苦荞根系生长规律研究

为了探明不同抗旱性苦荞根系形态和生理特性与抗旱性的关系,为干旱胁迫下苦荞高产优质栽培管理及抗旱品种的筛选提供理论依据,采用人工控水的方法,研究并分析了正常供水、重度干旱条件下不同抗旱性苦荞品种迪庆苦荞（耐旱）、黑丰1号（旱敏感）根系生长形态和生理指标变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著增加了苦荞根冠比、根系丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量,而最大根长、根体积、根表面积显著降低。随着生育期推进,各处理苦荞最大根长、根体积、根表面积、MDA含量等指标均呈现逐渐增加趋势,根冠比、Pro含量呈现先增后减趋势。品种之间方差分析结果表明,重度干旱胁迫条件下,各测定时期迪庆苦荞的根冠比、最大根长、根体积、根表面积、根系Pro含量均显著高于黑丰1号,MDA含量则显著低于黑丰1号。回归分析表明,不同处理苦荞根表面积、最大根长等指标在测定时期内随时间变化的数学模型均符合指数函数,根体积、MDA含量等指标均符合一元二次方程的规律。干旱胁迫下苦荞根系与地上部分的生长均受到抑制,且表现为对地上部的影响大于对根系;与黑丰1号相比,迪庆苦荞耐旱性更强。     

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

莱芜水资源信息管理系统应用分析与展望

针对莱芜水资源无客水、水资源空间分布不均匀、水资源年际年内变化大以及水资源监测技术、监测方法和设备落后的现状,莱芜适时启用水资源信息管理系统,实现对水量、水位等诸多信息实时监控,为莱芜水资源的综合开发利用、优化调度提供了重要的决策依据。     

不同水肥浓度对涌泉根灌枣树叶面积和产量的影响

以陕西榆林山地矮化密植梨枣树为研究对象,分析了不同水肥浓度对涌泉根灌枣树生育期内叶面积指数、果实发育和产量的影响。结果表明,不同水肥处理叶面积指数在枣树果实膨大期达到高峰,且稳定持续至果实成熟期末期,随后叶面积指数开始下降。叶面积指数随着萌芽展叶期灌水量的增加而增加,所有水肥处理下,枣数叶面积指数最大的是高水中肥处理(W1N2)；所有处理中,高水、低水处理与低肥相组合,果实体积最大,中灌水处理为不施肥时果实的体积最大。单位枝长的果实数目最高的是中水中肥处理(W2N2),最低的是低水处理(W3),在一定范围内,适当施肥能促进枣果单位枝长的果实数目的增加,但肥液浓度过大,反而会抑制其增加。在一定条件下,所有处理中产量最高的是中水中肥处理(W2N2),产量超过2000kg/亩,最低的是低水高肥处理(W3N1),产量不到1000kg/亩。因此可以选择中水中肥处理(W2N2),能获得最高的产量。     

Influence of summer legume residue recycling and varietal diversification on productivity,energetics, and nutrient dynamics in basmati rice–wheat cropping system of western Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment was conducted on summer mungbean residue recycling (SMBRR) and basmati rice–wheat cropping system (BRWCS) at New Delhi, India. The SMBRR enhanced the system productivity and net returns by ～19.1% and 22.1% compared to summer fallow (SF) with highest magnitude under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967. Two genotypes each in basmati rice (PB 1 and P 2511) and wheat (HD 2967 and HD 2733) responded well to SMBRR with respect to grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) ≥ 1.0. SMBRR also registered ～13.5% higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) than SF. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage also increased by ～6.8% in 0–30 cm soil layer. The rice–wheat–summer mungbean system produced significantly highest energy efficiency compared to the rice–wheat–summer fallow system with highest values under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967 as a result of better yield expression. Overall, SMBRR with suitable genotypic sequence improved the system productivity, profitability, and nutrient dynamics in BRWCS, which are vital for long-term sustainability of this system.     

Turbid water induces refuge behaviour of a commercially important ayu: A field experiment for interstream movement using multiple artificial streams

Riverine systems are inherently dendritic in nature, and turbid water may not necessarily flow equally throughout an entire catchment. Tributaries have the potential to serve as refugia from temporarily turbid water in the main stem. As ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) are one of the important species for the inland fisheries industry and recreational fishing, their behaviour in a branched river network is a primary concern. We released ayu with radio‐transmitting tags into two experimental streams that joined at a downstream pool. Turbid water was released into one of the streams, and we identified whether avoidance movement of ayu between the two experimental streams was triggered by flowing turbid water. The suspended solid concentration elevated rapidly after adding the turbid water and was maintained at more than 400 mg/L for 3 hr. Avoidance movement of ayu was triggered when the suspended solid concentration exceeded approximately 200 mg/L. Then, most ayu moved from the turbid stream to the nonturbid one, leading to a difference in ayu density between the two streams. Therefore, we demonstrated that turbid water induced interstream movement of a commercially important ayu as refuge behaviour, suggesting that river connectivity is important for the persistence of the ayu.